Printer print
← previous
Variants - References - Meaning - Comment - Occurrences - Etymology - Image - Research Literature
next →
Ruscus_aculeatus_bd1_tafel_116

cnēow-holen

noun, m., a-decl., 28 occ.

Type: plant

Last Update: 24.04.2011 10:48

Old-English: cneholen, cneoholen, cneopholen, cneowhole, cneowholen, cneuholen, cnioholaen, cnioholen, cniolen, creholegn, ceowholen,

Latin (Machine generated): CAMEDAFNE, MIRSTILLAGO, RUSCUS, SINPATUS, UICTORIALE, UICTORIOLE, VICTORIOLA,

↑ top

References Last Update: 28.12.2022 02:38

Meaning Last Update: 29.07.2009 12:50

  • A: plant: native
    Ruscus aculeatus L., butcher's broom, Stachliger Mäusedorn
↑ top

Comment Last Update: 07.05.2012 09:48

  • Comment on (A): Ruscus aculeatus L., butcher's broom, Stachliger Mäusedorn

    Ad genus and LB 37/10: The context of the occurrence reads "Wiþ þeorwærce wyrc to drence alexandre, sinfulle, wermod, twa cneowholen, saluian, safine, wealmore […]" If we assume that twa only defines cneowholen, the form is a neutral napl., cf. Cockayne (1962,II,121, note 2), who translates "the two kneeholns" and uses the objective explanation, that there are more than one species associated with this name. But the recipe is preceded by the following: Oxa lærde þisne læcedom, genime wealwyrt 7 clufþung 7 efelastan . 7 tungilsinwyrt, IX bru-newyrt, bisceopwyrt 7 attorlaþan […]. The number IX (nigon) not only refers to →brun-wyrt but also all plants that are named thereafter, this means that one is to use nine times the amount of the plants named after the number - in contrast to the plants named before the indicated measurement (cf. Cockayne's translation: "in the proportion nine to one"). It seems obvious that in the second recipe the number, too, indicates a mixing ratio, i.e. 2:1. In the first recipe the plant names after number IX are no plural forms, therefore we neither can expect one here, and cneowholen therefore is a nasg.

    Our identification is supported by the glossary entries (RUSCUS) and the ModE correspondent: Britten/Holland (1886,606) note: "RUSCUS ACULEATUS L., Knee Holly, †Knee Holme, Knee Hulver, Kneehul."

    CAMEDAPHNE (C71.2) denotes Daphne laureola L., spurge-laurel, Lorbeer-Seidelbast, while Gk χαμαιδάφνη means 'low laurel, niederer Lorbeer'. Possible connections to R. aculeatus are the facts that both plants are evergreen and of low ('knee-high') growth.

    Based on André (1985, s.v UICTORIOLA) D'Aronco (1998,53) also suggests Ruscus hypophyllum L., spineless butcher's broom, Hadernblatt. This explains the glosses (e.g. Dur, Laud, etc.).

    MIRSTILLAGO, which Stryker cannot explain (see respective note), is probably erroneous for MUSTELLAGO, a synonym of CHAMEDAPHNE (cf. Andrè, 1956, s.v.).

    SINPATUS deems to be an erroneous SYMPHYTUM (cf. Förster's note on 128,182), which denoted Symphytum officinale L., common comfrey, Arznei-Beinwell. A possible explanation is that in the L HA the chapter on HERBA VICTORIOLA (HS 58) is immediately followed by capter HERBA CONFIRMA (= SYMPHYTUM, HS 59).

    Etymology: lit. 'knee-holly' (cf. →holen) because the leaves of R. aculeatus, which narrow to a piercing point, are similar to the dentate leaves of the English holly (cf. Hegi, 1906,II,265 and V, 237). According to Cockayne (1961,III,319) and NED (1888, s.v. Knee-holly) the name also refers to the fact that the plant only reaches knee hight. Also cf. Gk χαμαιδάφνη 'low laurel, niedriger Lorbeer'.

↑ top

Occurrences Last Update: 19.10.2010 06:52

  • AntFö, 128,182 SINPATUS cneowhole
  • Br,WW, 300,12 RUSCUS cneowholen
  • Br,WW, 300,21 UICTORIALE cneowholen
  • C 36, Gough S.276 UICTORIOLE cneholen
  • C 71.2, Meritt 73b, 13 CAMEDAFNE cneowholen
  • ClQu, 37,5 RUSCUS cneoholen, fyres [1]
  • ClSt, M 314 MIRSTILLAGO[2] cneowholen
  • Cp, 1784(R 245) RUSCUS cnioholen
  • Dur, 293 RUSCUS cneopholen
  • Dur, 340 UICTORIALE cneopholen
  • Ep, 879 RUSCUS cnioholaen
  • Erf, 879 RUSCUS cniolen
  • HA, LIX, 162/3 nsg Cneowholen
  • HA, LIX, 162/6 asg þe man UICTORIOLE 7 oþrum naman cneowholen[3] nemneþ
  • HA, LIX, 26/16 nsg UICTORIOLA ƀ is cneowholen
  • LA, 100/18 nasg cneowholen
  • LA, 150/2 nasg cneowholen
  • Laud, 1504 VICTORIOLA cneuholen
  • LB, 22/6 nasg cneowholen
  • LB, 25/13 nasg cneowholen
  • LB, 27/14 nasg cneowholen
  • LB, 31/33 nasg cneowholen
  • LB, 37/10 napl (?) cneowholen
  • LB, 37/14 nasg cneowholen
  • LB, 37/5 nasg cneowholen
  • LB, 80/11f nasg cneowholen
  • Ld, Holth. Nr. 129 RUSCUS cne[o]hole[g]n
  • Ld, Holth. Nr.252 RUSCUS cre[o]holegn[4]
↑ top

Etymology Last Update: 24.04.2011 10:48

  • Etymology: Etymology-Comment:
  • Word-Formation:
  • Word-Formation-Comment:
↑ top

Image Last Update: 24.04.2011 10:48

Ruscus aculeatus L., butcher's broom, Stachliger Mäusedorn
Ruscus_aculeatus_bd1_tafel_116

Botanical-Information: stylised plate

Source: →reference-information

Thomé, Otto Wilhelm. Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. In 4 Mappen ; 531 Tafeln in naturgetreuen Farben mit 668 Pflanzenarten. Leipzip: Teubner, 1938.

↑ top

Research Literature

AntFö: Förster, Max. "Die altenglische Glossenhandschrift Plantinus 32 (Antwerpen) und Additional 32246 (London)." Anglia 41 (1917): 94-161.
Br: Logeman, Henri. "Zu Wright-Wülker I, 204-303." Archiv 85 (1890): 316-318.
BW I: Bierbaumer, Peter. Der botanische Wortschatz des Altenglischen. Grazer Beiträge zur Englischen Philologie 1. Bern, Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1975.
BW II: Bierbaumer, Peter. Der botanische Wortschatz des Altenglischen. Grazer Beiträge zur Englischen Philologie 2. Bern, Frankfurt am Main, München: Lang, 1976.
BW III: Bierbaumer, Peter. Der botanische Wortschatz des Altenglischen. Grazer Beiträge zur Englischen Philologie 3. Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Las Vegas: Lang, 1979.
ClQu: Quinn, John Joseph. The Minor Latin-Old English Glossaries in MS Cotton Cleopatra A III. Diss Stanford U. 1956.
ClSt: Stryker, William Garlington. The Latin-Old English Glossary in MS Cotton Cleopatra A III. Unpubl. diss. Stanford Univ.: 1952.
Cp: Hessels, John Henry. An Eighth-Century Latin Anglo-Saxon Glossary. Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1890.
Cp: Lindsay, Wallace Martin. The Corpus Glossary. Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1921.
Cp: Wynn, J. B. An Edition of the Anglo-Saxon Corpus Glosses. Unpubl. Diss. Oxford: 1961.
DOE: Cameron, Angus, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette di Paolo Healey, et al. (eds.). Dictionary of Old English (A to G). CD-Rom. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies for the Dictionary of Old English Project, 2008.
Dur: Lindheim, B. von. Das Durhamer Pflanzenglossar. Beiträge zur englischen Philologie. 35. Bochum-Langendreer: Pöppinghaus, 1941.
Ep, Erf: Pheifer, J.D. (ed.). Old English Glosses in the Epinal-Erfurt Glossary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974.
Ep: Brown, Alan Kelsey. The Epinal Glossary edited with Critical Commentary of the Vocabulary. Vol. I: Edition. Vol. II: Commentary. Diss., Stanford University. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1969.
HA: Cockayne, Oswald Thomas (ed.). "Herbarium Apuleii Platonici." In: Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England. Being a Collection of Documents, for the Most Part never before Printed, Illustrating the History of Sience in this Country before the Norman Conquest. Vol. 1. Rev. Ed. by Charles Singer. London: Holland Press, 1961. 1-325.
LA, Lor: Grattan, John Henry Grafton, and Charles Singer. Anglo-Saxon Magic and Medicine. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1952.
Laud: Stracke, J. Richard (ed.). The Laud Herbal Glossary. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1974.
LA: Cockayne, Oswald Thomas (ed.). "[Lacnunga] Recipies." In: Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England. Being a Collection of Documents, for the Most Part never before Printed, Illustrating the History of Sience in this Country before the Norman Conquest. Vol. 3. Rev. Ed. by Charles Singer. London: Holland Press, 1961. 2-81.
LB: Cockayne, Oswald Thomas (ed.). "Leech Book." In: Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England. Being a Collection of Documents, for the Most Part never before Printed, Illustrating the History of Sience in this Country before the Norman Conquest. Vol. 2. Rev. Ed. by Charles Singer. London: Longman [et. al.], 1961. 1-360.
LB: Leonhardi, Günther. Kleinere angelsächsische Denkmäler I. Bibliothek der ags. Prosa VI. Hamburg: Grand, 1905.
Ld: Glogger, Placidus. Das Leidener Glossar. Cod. Voss. lat. 4⁰ 69. 3 Teile in 4 Bdn. Teil 1 : Text der Handschrift Teil 2 : Erklärungsversuche Teil 3A : Verwandte Handschriften und Ergänzungen. Teil 3B : Indices. Augsburg: Pfeiffer, 1901.
WW, Prosp, Br: Wright, Thomas. Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies. 2nd ed. by Richard Paul Wülcker. Reprint of the 1884 ed. published by Trübner, London. Vol. 1: Vocabularies. Vol. 2: Indices. New York: Gordon, 1976.
André, Jacques. Les noms de plantes dans la Rome antique. Paris: Société d'édition 'les belles lettres', 1985.
Berberich, Hugo, ed. Das Herbarium Apuleii nach einer früh-mittelenglischen Fassung. Anglistische Forschungen 5. Nachdruck Amsterdam, 1966. Heidelberg: Winter, 1902.
Bierbaumer, Peter. "Zu J.V. Goughs Ausgabe einiger altenglischer Glossen." Anglia 95, 1/2 (1977): 115-121.
Bischoff, Bernard, et al. (eds.).. The Épinal, Erfurt, Werden and Corpus Glossaries. Early English manuscripts in facsimile 22. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1988.
Britten, James, and Robert Holland. A Dictionary of English Plant-Names. London: Trübner, 1886.
D'Aronco, Maria Amalia and M. L. Cameron, eds.. The Old English Illustrated Pharmacopoeia: British Library Cotton Vitellius C.III. Early English Manuscripts in Faksimile 27. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1998.
Deegan, Marilyn. A Critical Edition of MS. B.L. Royal 12.D.XVII: Bald's 'Leechbook'. Diss. Univ. of Manchester. 1988.
DeVriend, Hubert Jan (ed.). The 'Old English Herbarium' and 'Medicina de Quadrupedibus'. Early English Text Society. Original series 286. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Gough, J. V. (ed.). "Some Old English Glosses." Anglia 92 (1974): 273-290.
Grein, Christian-Wilhelm-Michael (ed.). Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie. Göttingen: Wigand, 1864.
Hankins, Freda Richards. Bald's 'Leechbook' Reconsidered. Diss. Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 1993.
Hilbelink, A.J.G. (ed.). Cotton MS Vitellius C III of the Herbarium Apuleii. Diss. Amsterdam: 1930.
Holthausen, Ferdinand. "Die Leidener Glossen." Englische Studien 50 (1916): 327-340.
Howald, Ernestus und Henricus Sigerist (eds.). Corpus Medicorum Latinorum. Bd.4. Antonii Musae de Herba Vettonica Liber. Pseudoapulei Herbarius. Anonymi de Taxone Liber. Sexti Placiti Liber Medicinae ex Animalibus etc. Leipzig: Teubner, 1927.
Hunger, Friedrich Wilhelm Tobias (ed.). The Herbal of Pseudo-Apuleius. From the ninth-century manuscript in the abbey of Monte Cassino [Codex Casinen-sis 97] together with the first printed edition of Jon. Phil. de Lignamine [Editio princeps Romae 1481] both in facsimile, described and annotated by F.W.T. Hunger. Leyden: Brill, 1935.
Lendinara, Patrizia. "The Glossaries in London, BL, Cotton Cleopatra A. iii." In: _Mittelalterliche volkssprachige Glossen: Internationale Fachkonferenz des Zentrums für Mittelalterstudien der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg 2. bis 4. August 1999._ Ed. Rolf Bergmann, Elvira Glaser, and Claudine Moulin-Fankhänel. Heidelberg: Winter, 2001. 189-215.
Lindsay, Wallace Martin. Corpus, Épinal, Erfurt and Leyden Glossaries. Publications of the Philological Society VIII. London: Oxford University Press, 1921.
Meritt, Herbert Dean. Old English Glosses. MLA General Series.16. Repr. New York: 1971.
MS London, British Library, Royal 12 D.xvii.
MS London, British Library, Harley 585.
MS London, British Library, Cotton Vitellius C iii.
MS London, British Library, Harley 6258b.
MS Oxford, Bodleian, Ashmole 1431.
MS Dresden, Sächsische Landesbibliothek, Dc. 160+187+186+185.
MS Antwerp, Plantin-Moretus Museum, 47.
MS London, British Library, Add. 32246.
MS Brussels, Bibliotheque Royale, 1828-30.
MS Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 144.
MS Durham, Cathedral, Hunter 100.
MS Epinal, Bibliotheque Municipale, 72.
MS London, British Library, Cotton Cleopatra A.iii.
MS Oxford, Bodleian, Laud Misc. 567.
MS Erfurt, Wissenschaftliche Allgemeinbibliothek, Amplonianus F.42.
MS Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, Vossianus Lat. 4° 69.
Pettit, Edward, (ed. and trans.). Anglo-Saxon Remedies, Charms and Prayers from British Library MS Harley 585: the 'Lacnunga'. Vol. I: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Appendices. Vol. II: Commentary and Bibliography. Mellen Critical Editions and Translations. 6A and 6B. Lewiston, Queenston and Lampeter: Mellen, 2001.
Rusche, Philip Guthrie. The Cleopatra Glossaries. Diss. Yale Univ. Yale University, 1996.
Sauer, Hans. "Old English Plant-Names in the Epinal-Erfurt Glossary: Etymology, Word-Formation and Semantics." In: _Words, Lexemes, Concepts - approaches to the lexicon. Studies in honour of Leonhard Lipka._ Ed. Wolfgang Falkner and Hans-Jörg Schmidt. Tübingen: Narr, 1999. 23-38.
Storms, Godfrid (ed.). Anglo-Saxon Magic. Reprint of the 1948 ed. published by M. Nijhoff, The Hague. Norwood, Pa: Norwood Editions, 1975.
Van Arsdall, Anne. Medieval Herbal Remedies. Illustrations by Robby Poore. New York and London: Routledge, 2002.
Varnhagen, Hermann. De Glossis Nonnullis Anglicis. Erlangen: Typis Friedrich Junge, 1902.
Voss, Manfred. "Strykers Edition des alphabetischen Cleopatraglossars: Corrigenda und Addenda." AAA 13:2 (1988): 123-138.
Voss, Manfred. "Quinns Edition der kleineren Cleopatraglossare: Corrigenda und Addenda." AAA 14:2 (1989): 127-139.
Wright, Cyril E. (ed.). Bald's Leechbook. Early English manuscripts in facsimile. 5. Kopenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1955.
[1]:

Cf. Rusche (1996, 678): The related entries of Ep and Cp only have cnēowholen as gloss.

[2]:

Rusche (1996, 665): "Read MUSTELLAGO".

[3]:

MS H: ceowholen.

[4]:

N.: "l. cneo".