Research Literature
BW III:
Bierbaumer, Peter.
Der botanische Wortschatz des Altenglischen. Grazer Beiträge zur Englischen Philologie 3. Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Las Vegas: Lang, 1979.
Prud:
Meritt, Herbert Dean.
The Old English Prudentius Glosses at Boulogne-sur-Mer.
Stanford studies in language and literature ; 16. Stanford: AMS P., 1967.
MS Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bibliotheque Municipale, 189.
Cf. Meritt (note on 843): "The word SPARTUS is defined by Isidore as FRUTEX VIRGOSUS (Etymologies 17,9,103), and the noun VIRGA, from which VIRGOSUS is derived, is a documented lemma for REPEL, 'staff, stick' (q.v. in BTS). The gloss means 'made of twigs.'" The respective passage from Is. also explains ASPER: SPARTUS FRUTEX VIRGOSUS SINE FOLIIS, AB ASPERITATE VOCATUS. VOLUMINA ENIM FUNIUM, QUAE EX EO FIUNT, ASPERA SUNT.